To Document Ella Baker’s Life Free Essays

To document Ella Baker’s life is to recount the history of the civil rights movement. Whenever there was a cause to fight for or a group to organize, this dedicated women was there. Ella was born 1903, she grew up and received her education in North Carolina. We will write a custom essay sample on To Document Ella Baker’s Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now Upon and at one time, president of the New York branch Ella went South in the 1950s to help the civil rights movement as it was developing in Alabama. With 30 years of organizing experience under her belt, Ella’s advice to Martin Luther King, Jr. nd other leaders of the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 was invaluable. She stayed South and helped Dr. King set up the headquarters of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference(SCLC). A few years later she played an important part in helping to organize student sit-in demonstrations that were occurring all over the South. This activity led to the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), one of the most powerful student-activist movements formed in U. S. history. She also helped to found the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party in 1964, which helped to give African Americans in Mississippi more political power. Ella continued to serve as the â€Å"godmother† and mentor of SNCC as it moved into other human rights issues. Her greatest asset was her ability to organize and mobilize people of all generations. Although her name was not publicized as much as other male leaders, the civil rights movement would not have been the same without her. Shortly before her death in 1986, a documentary titled â€Å"Fundi: The Story of Ella Baker† was aired on public television. Fundi is the Swahili word for a person who passes on skill to a younger generation. It is a fitting description of Ella Baker’s legacy. graduating from Shaw University, she moved to New York City just before the Depression of 1929. There she became active in various causes. She worked briefly with the Work Projects Administration (WPA) and then worked to end discrimination in organized labor through the NAACP. How to cite To Document Ella Baker’s Life, Papers

African American History During The Antebellum Period Essay Example For Students

African American History During The Antebellum Period Essay In African American history throughout the Americas, they have been through a lot from being taken away from their native homelands, brought up as slave workers, treated badly based on their skin color, and given unfair opportunities in many occasions. Yet they have overcome and kept on living even with adopting a several religions taught by their slave owners and making it their own. The main realign they adopted was the Christian religion which they followed throughout their lives. Following the teachings given to them, African American didn’t question it. Sooner or later, there are even contradictory pictures of the Christian churches in America that appeared during the antebellum period. Several former slaves like Mrs. Jarena Lee, Frederick Douglass, Peter Randolph, and a former slave talked about their experience with the religion an how it differs from their expected view of the Christian church in America. In the story from Fredrick Douglass, he recalls his experience as slave and how he viewed religion. From moving from one slave master to another, he finally got one that was different from the rest. Since his new master, Mr. William Freeland, didn’t have much for religion, he saw it as an advantage because he saw religion from the south as a way to covering for the most horrid crimes (The African American Religious Experience 48). He saw it that way because of the way the slave was treated because it was in the right of the religion. He also viewed it as where it’s filled with so much hate. According to Fredrick Douglas experience and other slaves he had talked to, He saw slaveholders who are religious as the worst because of they view themselves as having the higher moral ground or self-righteous while they have no disregard for their slaves. So basically he saw every slaveholder with religious background as bad person but that doesn’t mean he viewed the religio n like Christianity in that same regard. He saw it as a respectable religion with a lot of good values and teachings. He loves the teachings of Christianity where it gives ideas that are pure, peaceful, and impartial Christianity of Christ. On the flip side, he dislikes how it turned corrupted and hypocritical to those slaveholders who are supposed to be good Christians (The African American Religious Experience 58). So in the view of Fredrick Douglass, his positive outlook of religion is the religion itself while the negative outlook is the slaveholders of the south who uses it as a tool to uphold their power and control the slaves. The stories from Mrs. Jarena Lee account her religious experience from her life. In the beginning when she was exposed to religion, she saw herself as a sinner and wanted to change her lifestyle for the better. Throughout her life she has face many challenges like thoughts of suicide or personal illness. Once she found a way to justify it through prayer, she began work. Given the right to go out and preach by Richard Allen, she became very religious and traveled place to place converting non-believers to the Christian fate. During her time of preaching the gospel, she met people who belittled her for being color and also being a woman as well. It was hard getting the word out her when people didn’t even see you worthy of preaching in the first based on those factors. So in the view of Jarena Lee, her positive outlook of religion is the way it transformed her to become a massager of god and preach the good word. The negative is not being taken serious of because of being a woma n and color in a white male dominance religion. .u7d9bf9fe178b155d01628428fefaccb6 , .u7d9bf9fe178b155d01628428fefaccb6 .postImageUrl , .u7d9bf9fe178b155d01628428fefaccb6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7d9bf9fe178b155d01628428fefaccb6 , .u7d9bf9fe178b155d01628428fefaccb6:hover , .u7d9bf9fe178b155d01628428fefaccb6:visited , .u7d9bf9fe178b155d01628428fefaccb6:active { border:0!important; } .u7d9bf9fe178b155d01628428fefaccb6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7d9bf9fe178b155d01628428fefaccb6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7d9bf9fe178b155d01628428fefaccb6:active , .u7d9bf9fe178b155d01628428fefaccb6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7d9bf9fe178b155d01628428fefaccb6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7d9bf9fe178b155d01628428fefaccb6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7d9bf9fe178b155d01628428fefaccb6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7d9bf9fe178b155d01628428fefaccb6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7d9bf9fe178b155d01628428fefaccb6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7d9bf9fe178b155d01628428fefaccb6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7d9bf9fe178b155d01628428fefaccb6 .u7d9bf9fe178b155d01628428fefaccb6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7d9bf9fe178b155d01628428fefaccb6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: African American History EssayIn the story from Peter Randolph, this is called Religious Instruction. It tells events where preachers are telling slaves what to do for the good for your soul. The first preacher taught the slaves that slavery was a good thing. It was supposed to be a way to help African American save them from sin (The African American Religious Experience 92). There were other preachers that taught slaves the basics like the commandments. They should not lie and steal but there were more rules that make things more dishearten for the slaves. Regardless of being slaves and being forced to work against your own will, they should appreciate what was given to them and not make a fuss about it. They were told to be kind to their masters because without them, you wouldn’t have a roof over your head, something to eat, something to wear, and wouldn’t have protection. Another preacher says it bad to run away from your master because you’ll be running away from the church. And if you returned, you need to repent for your sins and ask your master for forgiveness. Even in the extreme, slave was not even allowed to pray to God. These were some of the examples that slaves were taught when they went to church. It was a way to keep them in check and control their lives. It limits a lot of what can a slave can do and feel very defeated because of it. The positive for this view of religion is that the slave has all these benefits but the negative is it’s not that good compared to the whole being control by using the fear of religion as a means to control them. In conclusion, these different stories have a common theme of the use of religion to for their own benefit. In the terms of Fredrick Douglass and Peter Randolph, it used to put down slaves and have them believe that this is how the world works and that it’s common to have a master and slave. On the flip side, Jarena Lee saw it as a way to live a better life and be a force for good. Even though, these three stories had conflicting views about religion because Fredrick may have hated the slaveholder’s use of religion, he had a lot of respect for it. While Jarena was part of the Holy Spirit, Peter saw it more as a way to control the slaves. These experiences for these slaves had different impact of them even though it was through the same religion of Christianity.

leash Review Essay Example

leash Review Paper Essay on leash This literature as a journey. Together with authors and characters can visit different countries and cities, today you are in St. Petersburg, in the pouring rain tomorrow in Lima under the scorching sun, the next day the crowd of New York City. This time I was in Paris in a place with Vincent , the performer and the composer of middle age, seven years married to Laurence from a wealthy bourgeois family. the heros career has not worked, and all this time he was living on a tight leash on his wifes money, reconciled with total submission and control, Laurence calmly enjoyed her big toy. To everyones surprise, Vincent wrote a melody for the film, which becomes a hit and earn a couple million dollars. This event brings the marriage of heroes out of balance. Realizing that now my husband will be able to find freedom, Laurence embarks on tricks with a bank account, so as not to give him to escape with some blonde. Within five days of the story because the changes occurred Vincent reconsiders his marriage and relationship with his wife. We will write a custom essay sample on leash Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on leash Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on leash Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The novel itself is an internal monologue of the hero. Vincent, in essence, a gigolo, which awakens a sense of pride and a thirst for independence, an insult to the wife, the fear of the possibility of losing arranged life, the attempt to justify themselves and their way of life. He regards everything from the irony of bourgeois opinion through false friends and his little wife did not care about him, he makes fun of her and their hypocrisy. But at the same time, he has long been resigned to this hypocrisy, and forces on an independent life is not enough. Emotions Vincent easy and constantly change each other, they are transmitted very thin, but still during the reading does not leave the idea that the author a woman and thats a feminine look at the man in the misalliance, it is very sensitive mannered hero turned out, though not without a touch of cynicism Prose soft, lyrical, very French.. Champs Elysees, Montmartre, the Bois de Boulogne are background, but give the book a special charm. At the same time here there is a satire on the bourgeois representatives of the French society, artists and businessmen. Overall, a very pleasant, ironic reading, and the end and at all left me happy with a smile on your face. leash Review Essay Example leash Review Paper Essay on leash Attention! The review contains spoilers One of the last books of the writer the novel Leash (1989) an attempt to analyze the secret of family happiness. Even Tolstoy wrote in Anna Karenina novel: All happy families are happy alike, every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way » The epigraph to the novel Leash All marriages are successful. The difficulties begin after marriage - articulates the same eternal problem outwardly happy marriage of young people and Laurence Vincent, based on mutual passion, upon closer inspection, is full of problems.. Heroes suffer from a lack of understanding, and it is for them an insoluble problem. Mutual ambitions do not allow them to take a step towards each other. Author tries as possible vividly and more to convey the richness, complexity and depth of human emotions. We will write a custom essay sample on leash Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on leash Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on leash Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer †¢  «I turned to the wall to punish yourself to shut up this steep, infamous voice that always sounds in me thinks listen to it can not be, but it is impossible to get rid  », †¢Ã‚ « So this is a crazy love? No, rather, unfortunate passion that has nothing in common with love. When love happy, laughing, I knew. We with Laurence never laughed together, really never  » The story, like many works of Sagan, ends tragically. immediately after my departure Laurence jumped out the window to his death. But before you jump, she changed to a more suitable house dress. The freeway was filled with speeding cars. I could hardly turn around and go to Paris. Halfway recalled his music. And he whistled it to the boulevard Raspail  » This is another product of the author helps to better understand the modern world and feel its main trouble -. Decrease in human values. That is why the work of Franà §oise Sagan can not remain indifferent to modern readers.

Free sample - Critical Analysis of the Role of United Nation. translation missing

Critical Analysis of the Role of United Nation. Critical Analysis of the Role of United NationCritical Analysis of the Role of United Nation as a Third Party in Conflict Management Introduction As stated in the Preamble of the United Nations (UN), UN is determined â€Å"to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind.†[1] Since its establishment in 1945, UN’s mission is to take part in conflict prevention in order to prevent or stop any forms of violence, either between states or internal conflicts. The UN has specialized programs and agencies tasked to prevent conflicts from spreading out by targeting not only the acts of violence, but the roots of these conflicts. These programs include United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR), and many others.[2] The UN successfully accomplished conflict management tasks in the late 1980s and early 1990s in Namibia, Nicaragua and El Salvador. In fact, an entire chapter of the Agenda for Peace of 1992 by the UN Secretary-General was devoted to conflict prevention. The report suggests that between the stages of conflict intensification and the policy actions which aim at ending them, a conceptual link must be created.   Conflict prevention and dispute escalation prevention are included here. Regulation of the spread of violence if it happens is also included. And it was in these policy responses’ last segment that paved the way for conflict management.[3] The Hutus’ militia and the Tutsis’ Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF): The Extremists A political conflict can occur between states, or within a state. It can be caused by various factors. A conflict can arise from political causes. It can also arise from ideological differences,[4] economic factors, ethnic or cultural causes,[5] social causes,[6] geographical issues,[7] and even psychological causes.[Burton] What happened in Rwanda was caused by an outcome of a political conflict between two groups that are attempting get monopolize the political power over the country. Conflict Management and the Rwanda Genocide Conflict management, according to Fred Tanner, Deputy Director of the Geneva Centre for Security Policy, is â€Å"an approach that established the conceptual ground for direct outside involvement to check escalating violence by using peaceful or even coercive means, if necessary.†[8] Aside from the incidents in Yugoslavia and Somalia, the Rwanda Genocide is one of the historical event which calls for the need to reassess the role of the United Nations in conflict prevention and conflict management. And this paper tries to discuss the episodes in the Rwanda Genocide that prompted even the UN to review its own concept on conflict management. The United Nations Assistance Mission of Rwanda It was the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) that the United Nations tasked to aid the implementation of the Arusha Peace Agreement. Signed in August 4, 1993 by the government of Rwanda and the RPF, the Arusha Accords were meant to end the Rwandan Civil War. Hence, UNAMIR’s task was to aid the peace process between the Rwanda government and the rebel RPF. [9] It was established by the Security Council Resolution 872 on October 5, 1992. The purpose of the UNAMIR is to ensure Kigali’s security, monitor the ceasefire agreement between the two opposing groups, put up an expanded demilitarized zone and demobilization procedures, monitor the security situation on the final period of the transitional government’s mandate until the election, assist with mine clearance and in coordination of humanitarian assistance activities and relief operations.[10] It was Jacques-Roger Booh-Booh of Cameroon and Lieutenant-General Romà ©o Dallaire as the head of the UNAMIR. Belgian soldiers make up about 400 members of the troops. Note that Belgium has colonized Rwanda in the past. In matters of peace-keeping processes, the UN normally bans the former colonial power from taking position. The Rwanda Government and the rebels appear to follow the Arusha Peace Agreement. Both sides appear to be steadfast at creating the transitional government before the 1993 ends. However, the events that followed delayed the establishment of a transitional government. After President Habyarimana was inaugurated on January 5, 1994, major disagreements came between the opposing groups. There were warnings sent to UN alarming the assembly of the genocide that was about to happen against the Tutsi minority and anti-tribalist Hutus. The warning came three months before the mass murder. However, UN ignored these warnings.[11] (The warning about the forthcoming genocide and the perpetrators came from General Romeo Dallaire himself, cabled to the UN Secretary-General at that time, Mr. Kofi Annan. General Dallaire asked UN permission for an immediate action to intervene against the mass slaughter planned by Hutu forces. But the general’s request was declined by the UN Department of Peacekeeping.[12]) This created confusion in the UNAMIR whether or not to use power. The orders issued by UN to UNAMIR were very limited. IN short, UNAMIR was rendered useless as the thousands of people are slaughtered. The UN failed to extend the UNAMIR’s mandate to protect the people of Rwanda from the genocide. The mission’s job was limited to evacuating foreign nationals from Rwanda.[13] In fact, the peace-keeping force deployed by UN at the end of 1993, which is supposed to aid in the implementation of the cease fire between the two opposing groups, received severe criticism. There are countries that did not agree to send stronger force. One of these countries was the United States, ally of Britain.[14] The United Nation’s failed mission: â€Å"The Report on the Independent Inquiry into the Actions of the United Nations During the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda† The council members of UN later acknowledged the failure of their mission to protect the peoples of Rwanda in a time where they mostly need it.[15] The UN even accepted the result of the independent inquiry lead by former Swedish Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson on the actions taken by the UN in Rwanda. The report states UN’s failure to ignore the warnings about the genocide despite the evidences that the mass slaughter will indeed happen. According to the report, UN failed in the 1994 Rwanda Genocide in many ‘fundamental respects.’[16]   (The surprising thing was that no one in the international community anticipated the level of atrocity that happened in Rwanda.) With the evidence that was forwarded to UN regarding the organized mass murder that is going to happen, a contingency plan should have been made, as mandated by the Geneva Convention.[17] The report enumerates the reasons why UN failed: First, UN not only lacked the resources, but it also lacked the commitment to prevent the genocide from happening. The UNAMIR was also found to be not well planned in a way that it can respond to possible extremist act by either camp. The UNAMIR is also stated as a watered down version of the original plan by UN on the level of strength that will be deployed to Rwanda. [18] The inquiry points out that UN’s Center for Human Rights and DPKO did not do adequate political investigation and analysis during the tensions. This resulted to the inadequacy of UNAMIR’s mandate.[19] This is also why UN’s peace-force in Rwanda was harshly criticized by the international community. Other failures that the inquiry notes were the ‘implementation of the mandate itself’, ‘confusion over the rules of engagement’, ‘failure to respond to the genocide’, ‘inadequate resources and logistic’, and many others. The report lead by Carlsson has deemed the UN useless during the worst moment in that particular episode in Rwanda’s history. However, there surely are factors that prevented the UN to come up with an in-depth analysis of the information on political situation in Rwanda, if the vital information are at UN’s disposal. As we can see in the discussion that will follow, the UN is caught in situations where it even finds itself inadequate at some moments during the tension in Rwanda. On why the United Nations (and other international agencies) did not take further steps to prevent the genocide from occurring In the international community, no one anticipated the kind of horror that happened. It was only the only close observers that the genocide will certainly happen. The messages (that is, the warnings) remained unclear for the international agencies including UN. In a report headed by Howard Adelman et al, the vague messages are found in four areas: â€Å"contradictions in the international system; the UN structure; attitude of senior officials towards messengers and inadequacies in the message sent; and interference.†[20] UN’s principle in neutrality when it comes to information gathering isn’t necessarily applicable it times when international peace and security is under serious threat. This prevented the UN to arm itself with the capacity to collect and analyze information, which are vital when it comes to conflict management, during the tensions in Rwanda. [21] Another factor that caused UN’s failure in conflict management in Rwanda is that it is trapped between disinterested nations, Tanzania and US. These nations, especially US, showed no intentions to share its collected and analyzed (a result of CIA’s ‘desk-analysis’) information to UN.[22] The structure of the UN gives power to the Secretary General to give permission to UNAMIR for an immediate action to intervene in the plot for genocide in order to prevent it from happening. However, this power is not maximized in the case of Rwanda. One reason is that UN lacks staff. (Rwanda is only monitored by one person.) However, the deeper reason lies in the restructuring of the Secretariat since 1990. It is here where UN lost its capacity to collect vital information that can be analyzed and used as basis for making contingency plans. The distribution of the Secretary-General of his responsibilities to other agencies and departments also left the DPA, which should play an essential part in conflict management, lacking in logistics to carry out the task.[23] Another area that prevented the UN to take further actions is the messengers. The agencies that are associated with UN are reluctant to divulge information. That is to say, they are suspicious as to how the political and military information will be used. One thing more is the propaganda that the Hutu-dominated mass media spread. This made many, including members of UN, suspicious of the circulating information. Even the UN Secretary-General realized the disadvantage of not having the mass media on UN’s side. Mass media might have been played an important source for information. As mentioned, UN did not expect the magnitude of the event that happened. First, just because genocide is rare, the UN concluded that it will not happen at that time in Rwanda. Second, it is confident in the Tsutsis, blind to the fact that these people are also miscalculating the conditions around them. (The Tsutsis also did not expect that the rest of the world will walk out from Rwanda the moment the Hutu extremists (militia, armed forces of the government and even civilians) tries to erase them from the face of their own country.[24] There are other factors that prevented UN from thinking clearly and thereby also preventing it from acting accordingly. First, the UN is completely confident of the Arusha Peace Agreement. Second, their sense of judgment was clouded by its past experience in Somalia. Before the genocide broke out, the situation in Rwanda is peripheral compared to many other global issues that the UN is paying attention to.[25] The Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights and other human rights agencies, as well as the RPF used the word genocide in the reports they made to UN. However, the ambiguity of the definition of genocide also created confusion on the messages conveyed to UN.[26] Another thing is that the UN seems to not learn from what happened in Burundi just six months before the Rwanda Genocide happened – around 50,000 to 100,000 people were killed. Rather than considered as a political conflict, the conflict between the Hutus and the Tsutsis were considered only as a continuing ancient feud.[27] Conclusion and Recommendation Clearly, the United Nations failed in conflict management in Rwanda. This is because it lacks the vital factors in order to carry out the task. The UN sent UNAMIR to ensure peace in Rwanda. UN becomes too confident that no genocide will occur. The UN had received warnings about the Hutu-planned genocide, but ignored it because of a complex web of factors. In some of the situations, UN is caught between states, which are members of UN, which has their own motives regarding the situation. If examined, UN failed in information gathering that is very important in conflict management. The UN should reassess its structure in order to make collecting information and making in-depth analysis more efficient. (Remember that UN lost most of these capacities when it restructured its Secretariat.) This is in connection to the Rwanda Report’s recommendation that the UN should improve its early warning capacity. And this can only be done through improving its coordination with various institutions. As suggested by the Report, the UN should improve its capacity â€Å"to analyze and respond to information about possible conflicts, and its operational capability for preventive action†. In this context, the report suggests that â€Å"further enhancement of the cooperation between different Secretariat departments, UNSECOORD programmes and agencies and outside actors, including regional and subregional organizations NGOs and the academic world, is essential.†

Biography of Pablo Escobar, Colombian Drug Kingpin

Biography of Pablo Escobar, Colombian Drug Kingpin Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (December 1, 1949–December 2, 1993) was a Colombian drug lord and the leader of one of the most powerful criminal organizations ever assembled. He was also known as The King of Cocaine. Over the course of his career, Escobar made billions of dollars, ordered the murders of hundreds of people, and ruled over a personal empire of mansions, airplanes, a private zoo, and his own army of soldiers and hardened criminals. Fast Facts: Pablo Escobar Known For: Escobar ran the Medellà ­n drug cartel, one of the largest criminal organizations in the world.Also Known As: Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria, The King of CocaineBorn: December 1, 1949 in Rionegro, ColombiaParents: Abel de Jesà ºs Dari Escobar Echeverri and Hemilda de los Dolores Gaviria Berrà ­oDied: December 2, 1993 in Medellà ­n, ColombiaSpouse: Maria Victoria Henao (m.  1976)Children: Sebastin Marroquà ­n  (born  Juan Pablo Escobar Henao), Manuela Escobar 1:29 Watch Now: 8 Fascinating Facts About Pablo Escobar Early Life Escobar was born on December 1, 1949, into a lower-middle-class family and grew up in Medellà ­n, Colombia. As a young man, he was driven and ambitious, telling friends and family that he wanted to be the president of Colombia someday. He got his start as a street criminal. According to legend, Escobar would steal tombstones, sandblast the names off of them, and resell them to crooked Panamanians. Later, he moved up to stealing cars. It was in the 1970s that he found his path to wealth and power: drugs. He would buy coca paste in Bolivia and Peru, refine it, and transport it for sale in the United States. Rise to Power In 1975, a local Medellà ­n drug lord named Fabio Restrepo was murdered, reportedly on the orders of Escobar himself. Stepping into the power vacuum, Escobar took over Restrepo’s organization and expanded his operations. Before long, Escobar  controlled all organized crime in Medellà ­n and was responsible for as much as 80 percent of the cocaine  transported into the United States. In 1982, he was elected to Colombia’s Congress. With economic, criminal, and political power, Escobar’s rise was complete. In 1976, Escobar married 15-year-old Maria Victoria Henao Vellejo, and they would later have two children, Juan Pablo and Manuela. Escobar was famous for his extramarital affairs and tended to prefer underage girls. One of his girlfriends, Virginia Vallejo, went on to become a famous Colombian television personality. In spite of his affairs, he remained married to Marà ­a Victoria until his death. Narcoterrorism As the leader of the Medellà ­n Cartel, Escobar quickly became legendary for his ruthlessness, and an increasing number of  politicians, judges, and policemen publicly opposed him. Escobar had a way of dealing with his enemies: he called it plata o plomo (silver or lead). If a politician, judge, or policeman got in his way, he would almost always first attempt to bribe him or her. If that didn’t work, he would order the person killed, occasionally including the victims family in the hit. The exact number of men and women killed by Escobar is unknown, but it certainly goes well into the hundreds and possibly into the thousands. Social status did not matter to Escobar; if he wanted you out of the way, hed get you out of the way. He ordered the assassination of presidential candidates and was even rumored to be behind the 1985 attack on the Supreme Court, carried out by the 19th of April insurrectionist movement, in which several Supreme Court justices were killed. On November 27, 1989, Escobar’s cartel planted a bomb on Avianca flight 203, killing 110 people. The target, a presidential candidate, was not actually on board. In addition to these high-profile assassinations, Escobar  and his organization were responsible for the deaths of countless magistrates, journalists, policemen, and even criminals inside his own organization. Height of His Power By the mid-1980s, Escobar was one of  the most powerful men in the world, and Forbes magazine listed him as the seventh richest. His empire included an army of soldiers and criminals, a private zoo, mansions  and apartments all over Colombia, private airstrips and planes for drug transport, and personal wealth reported to be in the neighborhood of $24 billion. Escobar could order the murder of anyone, anywhere, anytime. He was a brilliant criminal, and he knew that he would be safer if the common people of Medellà ­n loved him. Therefore, he spent millions on parks, schools, stadiums, churches, and even housing for the poorest of Medellà ­n’s inhabitants. His strategy worked- Escobar was beloved by the common people, who saw him as a local boy who had done well and was giving back to his community. Legal Troubles Escobar’s first serious run-in with the law came in 1976  when he and some of his associates were caught returning from a drug run to Ecuador. Escobar ordered the killing of the arresting officers, and the case was soon dropped. Later, at the height of his power, Escobar’s wealth and ruthlessness made it almost impossible for Colombian authorities to bring him to justice. Any time an attempt was made to limit his power, those responsible were bribed, killed, or otherwise neutralized. The pressure was mounting, however, from the United States government, which wanted Escobar extradited to face drug charges. He had to use all of his power to prevent extradition. In 1991, due to increasing pressure from the U.S., the Colombian government  and Escobar’s lawyers came up with an interesting arrangement. Escobar would turn himself in and serve a five-year jail term. In return, he would build his own prison and would not be extradited to the United States or anywhere else. The prison, La Catedral, was an elegant fortress which featured a Jacuzzi, a waterfall, a full bar, and a soccer field. In addition, Escobar had negotiated the right to select his own â€Å"guards.† He ran his empire from inside La Catedral, giving orders by telephone. There were no other prisoners in La Catedral. Today, La Catedral is in ruins, having been hacked to pieces by treasure hunters looking for hidden Escobar loot. On the Run Everyone knew that Escobar was still running his operation from La Catedral, but in July 1992 it became known that the drug kingpin had ordered some disloyal underlings brought to his â€Å"prison,† where they were tortured and killed. This was too much for even the Colombian government, and plans were made to transfer Escobar to a standard prison. Fearing he might be extradited, Escobar escaped and went into hiding. The U.S. government and local police ordered a massive manhunt. By late 1992, there were two organizations searching for him: the Search Bloc, a special, U.S.-trained Colombian task force, and â€Å"Los Pepes,† a shadowy organization of Escobar’s enemies made up of family members of his victims and financed by Escobar’s main business rival, the Cali Cartel. Death On December 2, 1993, Colombian security forces- using U.S. technology- located Escobar hiding in a home in a middle-class section of Medellà ­n. The Search Bloc moved in, triangulated his position, and attempted to bring him into custody. Escobar fought back, however, and there was a shootout. Escobar was eventually gunned down as he attempted to escape on the rooftop. Although he was also shot in the torso and leg, the fatal wound passed through his ear, leading many to believe that Escobar committed suicide. Others believe one of the Colombian policemen fired the bullet. Legacy With Escobar gone, the Medellà ­n Cartel quickly lost power to its rival, the Cali Cartel, which remained dominant until the Colombian government shut it down in the mid-1990s. Escobar is still remembered by the poor of Medellà ­n as a benefactor. He has been the subject of numerous books, movies, and television series, including Narcos and Escobar: Paradise Lost. Many people remain fascinated by the master criminal, who once ruled one of the largest drug empires in history. Sources Gaviria, Roberto Escobar, and David Fisher. The Accountants Story: inside the Violent World of the Medellin Cartel. Grand Central Pub., 2010.Vallejo, Virginia, and Megan McDowell. Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar. Vintage Books, 2018.

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 5

Psychology - Essay Example This paper tries to unearth my experiences of working with a team as the team leader in the class room and the paper makes an individual reflection of how I could instil motivation among the team members owing to my understanding of the various psychological theories put forward by psychologists regarding organizational psychology and working in groups. For the last one week I have been working in team as the team leader to prepare a case study report. The team consisted of twenty members of my class room. Preparing the case study was a challenging group task as each of the group members had his own unique way of looking at the case study provided. Therefore, it was essential that the group members shared their views to the group in an open discussion and the best way of presenting the report was finalized. Keeping the motivation level among the team members high was of utmost importance. However, I could find at the initial stage that most of the other members lacked focus or motivation; this resulted in communication gap and lack of interest among the group members. Moreover, a paucity of enthusiasm and commitment was seen everywhere. What might be the reason behind their indifference? I tried to unveil the hidden cause of the gloom implementing my past study experience and knowledge in various behavioural theories, from my own p erceptions. The first intuition that struck my brain as every one usually thinks was that it was due to the lack of interest in study because I have seen many students those who consider these kinds of team works as time wastes and put little effort to contribute any thing of their own. But the further study informed me that many of the members were personally good at study and had been doing well with their individual assignments. The major problem I observed was that the team members knowingly or unknowingly were impassive to move as a team. Any how, I was damn sure that some sorts of motivation

Typical Lesson Plan to Use for an English Class Case Study

Typical Lesson Plan to Use for an English Class - Case Study Example Ask the students to provide as many words as possible from the following phonic combinations after providing a few examples. The next part involves the student extracting phonic sounds from a given list of words. Actually, it was a lot more personal and took a lot more time. If one needed to get in touch with someone immediately the telephone was the way to go. It seems in today's world everyone has to get to everyone right away. " (J. G. Fabiano) Instructions for Phonics Exercises. Here are a group of phonic sounds. Ask the students to provide as many words as possible from the following phonic combinations after providing a few examples. While the mistress of the home is gradually subsiding from the first stage to the second, take a look at the home. A furnished flat at $8 per week. It did not exactly beggar description, but it certainly had that word on the look-out for the mendicancy squad. In the vestibule below was a letter-box into which no letter would go, and an electric button from which no mortal finger could coax a ring. Also appertaining thereunto was a card bearing the name "Mr James Dillingham Young." Questions: What is intended by the phrase â€Å"when the income was shrunkâ € ? What does â€Å"flung to the breeze† mean in the context of this article? Named 3 words ending with the same last 3 letters of the word commencing on the third line, of the third paragraph. (Tutors notes: ‘beggar’ is the word in question) How many syllables are there in the word, â€Å"Dillingham†. What are the phonic sounds in the word, â€Å"sniffles†.